Contrast dye side effects analysis Essays

Contrast dye side effects analysis Essays Contrast dye side effects analysis Essay Contrast dye side effects analysis Essay 4.1. Adverse drug reaction classification Classification of the adverse reactions of the intravenous iodine-cased contrast drugs can be done on various basis and one of such is generalized classification which entail both the acute and delayed reactions on the human body. The second category is the organ specific reactions which deal with the effects that affect selected organs of the body which include pulmonary, neurotoxicity, cardiovascular and contrast-induced nephrotoxicity (Kanakia, Toussaint, Kukarni, Lee, Chowdhury, Khan Sitharaman, 2016). There is also the class of mild acute general adverse reactions that include mild urticarial, nausea, vomiting and pain in the parts injected by the drugs. Moderate adverse effects, on the other hand include extensive urticarial, severe vomiting, dyspnea, laryngeal edema and rigors; severe reactions, on the other hand include conditions such as cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, unconsciousness and circulatory collapse. Mild reactions in the body do not require any form of treatment and occur over a short duration of time. On the other hand, both moderate and sever reactions require medical attention to reduce such effects and help in the treating such conditions. There are also delayed adverse reactions that occur between 1 hour to 1 week after injection of iodine-based contrast drugs on the body of the patient (Joaquim, Matos, Pires, Fonseca, Tavares, Ramos Rocha, 2015). 4.2. Acute General Reactions 4.2.1. Incidence The probability of occurrence of the adverse reactions in the body decrease with the nonionic drugs as opposed to the ionic iodine-based contrast drugs in the population. It is, therefore, apparent that the effects reduce by 5 for the mild reactions and a factor of 10 for the severe reactions, this means that severe reactions can occur in 0.2 percent of all patients that receive ionic drugs and 0.04 percent on all the patients that receive nonionic contrast drugs (Fananapazir, Troppmann, Corwin, Bent, Vu Lamba, 2016). However, the fatal reactions have very low probability of occurrence and this is similar with both the nonionic and the ionic contrast media. 4.2.2. Predisposing Risk Factors History of having adverse effects increases the probability of experiencing the adverse effects of iodine-based contrast drugs and this is apparent in degree of recurrence of adverse reactions by between 17 and 35 percent of patients with the history of adverse effects on the occasions when ionic contrast media are used. Using nonionic contrast media reduced the probability of occurrence of adverse effects to 5 percent which proves that medics in the medical profession needs to discourage the use of ionic iodine-based contrast drugs in the population (Frenzel, Lawaczeck, Taupitz, Jost, Lohrke, Sieber Pietsch, 2015). In addition to the ionic properties of the contrast drugs, there are various predisposing factors that medics need to examine to help in making the right discussion on the best methods and drug properties to apply. One of the predisposing factors the needs to be considered is the age of the patients and this is because acute adverse effects are less likely to occur in patients above the age of 50 years (Zdanowski, Szymczewska, Dykowska Gotlib, 2015). However, the effects tend to be more severe on the elderly patients. It also apparent that previous adverse reaction to the iodine-based contrast media increases the probability of occurrence of severe reactions five times and any case or any history of allergy increases such a probability three times. Furthermore, asthma has a number of effects to the occurrence and the effects of adverse effects reactions by 10 times and for high osmolality contrast drugs and 6 times for the osmolality contrast drugs. Use of other drugs at the same time with the iodine-based contrast drugs also leads to the increase in the probability of occurrence of adverse effects on the body of the patients proving the need for medics to examine such effects and use drugs th at do not react with contrast drugs in the body (Prasad Gurm, 2016). 4.4.3. General Treatment Guidelines It is a general policy for the usage of the contrast media for the purposes of radiological studies are concentration, lowest dose, and the number of doses a person requires to get diagnostic clinical information (Thomsen, 2014). Before carrying out administration of iodine-based contrast drugs, there is the need for medics to examine the effects of contrast drugs against the benefits a patient is likely to get from the administration from the drug. Such an examination improves the safety of the patients that intake contrast drugs and the same helps in ensuring that patients get the best treatments to avoid the effects and adverse reactions from iodine-based contrast drugs. In the process of carrying out the administration of iodine-based contrast, there must be availed various equipment and such include facilities for airway management, intravenous fluids, oxygen and masks, and the right drugs that eliminate the negative effects of the same (Prakashini, Kakkar, Sambhaji, Shetty Rao , 2013). 4.4.4. Specific Treatment Policies On the occasions when intravenous treatments are carried out in the patients and mild reactions occur on the patients, there is the need to retain the retain forms of iodine-based contrast drugs on the patients and improve the forms of treatment conducted. In any case a patient starts to vomit, the drug that should be used is prochlorperazine maleate 12.5 mg which is diluted with 10 Ml with saline water and injected intravenously for more than two minutes (Qiao Shi, 2015). On the occasions when patients have severe vomiting, such forms of challenges can be treated using prochlorperazine maleate 12.5 mg which is diluted with 10 mL with normal saline water and the same is injected intravenously for more than 2 minutes into the body of the patients to treat such conditions. The other medication than can be given out is chlorpheniramine maleate which is give between 4 and 8 mg orally or between 10 and 20 mg intravenously for more than 2 minutes intravenously for the patients that suffer from severe urticaria. Finally, moderate wheeze can be treated through the use of 100 percent oxygen mask inhalation, which is either inhalation of between 10 and 15 L/min and albuterol nebulization of between 5 mg in 2 mL saline water for the prevention (Modi, Vaidya, Dudhia Shah, 2014).

Project Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Management - Case Study Example The risks have an effect on the elements of the project and once should consider factors that may delay a project or may affects its cost, so that contingency plan may be made. All of these, will aid an organization in defining what will be the scope of the project and the time and cost involved in its completion. Case study 1: Hydroelectric Development is better in identifying the risks since it listed risk involved in each element, this makes is easier to see the possible risks and it is even grouped depending on what will be affected like quantity, unit cost, schedule or global (overall). This is found in Table 20.3 - Risks for the hydroelectric project (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) Case study 2: Irrigation scheme, on the other hand, is better in quantifying risks because it is able to assess the overall effect of risks to the elements, meaning, it balances each risk based on the strength of another risk or weakness of the other. Each risk may have an effect to the other, and considering its combined effect is more accurate in quantifying the risk involved than by considering individual risk for each element. Dependence and correlation is also computed for the 2nd case study. As defined in Wikipedia: Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that can be exploited in practice. For example, an electrical utility may produce less power on a mild day based on the correlation between electricity demand and weather. In this example there is a causal relationship, because extreme weather causes people to use more electricity for heating or cooling; however, statistical dependence is not sufficient to demonstrate the presence of such a causal relationship. Overall, it is easier to follow the method used for the Hydroelectric development because as mentioned above, it listed all risks involved for each element. The analysis is simple and straight forward, that all risks having both direct and indirect effects to elements were listed,

Introduction to the internet and E- Business Essay

Introduction to the internet and E- Business - Essay Example They prepared all the food by themselves without outsourcing. They always welcome the new ideas to promote their quality of services and menus. The company is currently operating in two areas i.e. Cheshire and Manchester. Currently offering catering services to other local restaurants as well as private events and has gained a very prestigious in the area. The company has great quality of foods and services, but unfortunately they are not as good in their e-business segment. The company has beautifully designed website which clearly explains their expertise and taste but don’t have online support system or order booking system. This makes it very difficult to process online orders and queries, as it will delay their response to the customers. The importance and scope of E-Business needed to be elaborated to the company. It looks they are unaware about the technology, if proper demonstration is conducted to explain the possibilities, and benefits associated with it. The company should be educated about different e-business models and their acceptance & success in Catering industry. It can be said that the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), for conducting or supporting are used to improve the business activities and processes, including development and research, design and development, procurement, operation, marketing, manufacturing, and sales, human resources management, logistics, value chain integration and finance. The evolution of e-business became more popular with the introduction of Internet, especially, the www (World Wide Web) or web, revolution. The history of e-business is not longer than 15 years. However, its enhancements and developments, i.e. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Material Requirements Planning (ERP) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), have the history of more than forty years. EDI is an electronic communication of commercial transactions, such as placements of orders, consignment

Nursing and American Nurses Association Essay Example for Free

Nursing and American Nurses Association Essay Describe the definition of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association. How does it address the metaparadigm theories of nursing? According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), the definition of nursing is â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.† Metaparadigm theories of nursing consists of theories that describe the four interrelated concepts, which are persons, environment, health and illness, and nursing. Persons are the recipients of nursing care and include individuals, families, and communities. Environment refers to the surroundings of the client, internal factors affecting the client, and the setting where nursing care is delivered. Health and illness describe the clients state of well-being. Nursing refers to the actions taken when providing care to a patient. ANA’s definition of nursing has included three of the four concepts that make up the metaparadigm theories of nursing. Its definition strongly emphasizes the concept of nursing. It listed many functions that nurses perform such as: protecting, promoting, optimization of health and physical abilities, preventing illness and injury, alleviating suffering, and advocating for patients (ANA website, n.d.). All these nursing actions are related to the care of health and illness, which is the second concept of the metapardigm theories of nursing. The ANA’s definition of nursing describes in more detail the concept of health and illness in terms of health, abilities, illness, and injury. These physical conditions affect the state of well-being and may lead to one’s own suffering and negative responses (ANA website n.d.). Persons is the third concept. According to the ANA definition of nursing, persons include: individuals, families, communities, and populations that receive nursing care. The fourth concept is environment. It is directly related to the other three concepts mentioned above. The environment is the surroundings or the settings in which nursing care is delivered and includes the in the hospital, home, theater, etc†¦

Jesus the Christ: The Historical Jesus Essay example -- Biblical Histo

The Birth of Jesus We can see the birth of Jesus in Matthew (Matt 1:18-25) (Matt 2:1-12), Luke (Luke 2:1-2) and John (John1:1-18). Both Matthew and Luke tell us that Jesus’ birth place was in Bethlehem in Judea in the time of King Herod of Judea and Emperor Augustine of the Roman Empire. The gospels tell us that Jesus was born in a stable under an inn (Luke 2:7). This is unlikely because Bethlehem was the birthplace of David, who was Joseph’s ancestor. This means that there may have been a house with his cousins or extended family there. The Hebrew word for inn can also be described as ‘the upper room’ and in traditional Jewish houses, there was an upper room where the family stayed and underneath this was the place where the animals were kept. This could have been seen as the stable under the ‘inn’. Now because of the census performed by Emperor Augustine the Jews had to travel to their ancestral home that meant that the house Mary and Joseph were staying at could have been full, so the upper room was full, making the only available room for the baby to be born in the stable below. Jesus was thought to be traditionally born in 1AD after the Monk Dionysus Exigus tried to calculate the year, from the Birth of Jesus, by taking away the reigns of Kings. Unfortunately Exigus made a few errors and Jesus is now thought to be born a few years BC. We know that in Matt 2:1 and Matt2:16 (Luke 1:55) that King Herod the Great was the ruler of Judea. From Roman records we know that King Herod died in 4BC near the feast of the Passover. This means that the earliest time Jesus could have been born was early 4BC. Herod plays an integral part in determining Jesus birth date because it also could explain the Bethlehem Star, which we... ...s full and to stop the spread of disease. But after the three days cleansing period, some of the disciples returned to find the stone rolled away and the body of Jesus missing. Grave robbing was a serious crime punishable by death and it would have taken a team to roll the stone. But Jesus had told his disciples many times that he would rise again on the third day, which they obviously did not comprehend. He spoke to them later on when he appeared to them and to show he was still human said â€Å"see my hands and feet, that it is I Myself; handle and see: For a spirit hath not bones and flesh; as you see I have† (Luke 24:39). He shows the apostles the obvious wounds he still has from his crucifixion, and then invites them to touch him, vanquishing thoughts of an apparition. Work Cited New American Standard Bible. New York: American Bible Society, 1997. Print.

Limiting The Freedom Of The Press Essay

Advertising is a powerful and effective source of information in our everyday life just like TV or internet. Advertisers use ads to encourage people to get products and make products more applicable to them. Respectively, advertisers should allow the freedom of the press. Freedom of the press is freedom of communication and the right to publish newspapers, magazines, and other printed matter without governmental restriction or any restrictions. Gloria Steinem argues effectively that advertisers are controlling the freedom of the press, since they are determining what women should receive or should not. To support her argument she mentions compromises she encountered when she made rules accepting ads in Ms. Magazine. One of Gloria Steinem goals in Ms. Magazine was to add gender neutral ads in her magazine, She wanted to introduce stuff like cars and electronics, such ads were not common in regular women’s magazine. Nevertheless, she encountered negative attitudes by many companies. She mentions, â€Å"U.S carmakers firmly believe that women choose the upholstery color, not the car, but we are armed with statistics and reader mail to prove the contrary. A car is an important purchase for women, one that is such a symbol for mobility and freedom that many women will spend a greater percentage of income for a car than will counterpart men. (Steinem 233)† Using this example Gloria Steinem shows that some companies have the idea that women are shallow and they only care about the outer look not about the over all the performance. Because of their outrageous mentality they are refusing to put ads of their products in women magazines. Nevertheless, Steinem by convincing foreign car makers to advertise in her magazine. She proved that women are equally important customers as men and women’s market should be taken seriously. Thus according to advertisers women do not understand technology, and such ads are not made for them. Ads advertisers are placing  in women magazines are different from the ads that are placed in other magazines. It was clearly stated when U.S car companies refused to put ads of their products in Ms. magazine while they usually do it in other ones. Refusing to introduce certain ads in women’s magazine for unconvincing reasons and the examples Gloria Steinem introduced strengthen her argument that advertisers are choosing their audience and determining the what each group of people should get. She provided another example to further support her argument,: Steinem points out to cigarettes. She mentions Essence, a magazine that was the only national magazine for African American women. This magazine had praised cigarettes and posted ads of models smoking, encouraging black women to smoke. And then Gloria Steinem states â€Å"According to California statistics, African American women are more addicted to smoking than the female population at large, with all the attendant health problems. (Steinem 243).† Therefore, Advertisers that represented cigarettes ads in this women magazine are the reason that black women are more addicted to smoking than other female population. Ads promoted smoking regardless of its unhealthy dreadful effects and that fact that it causes deaths. By pointing out such example, Steinem further supports the idea advertisers choose what they want to introduce to their audience. Steinem also shows that ads promote products regardless if they are good or not. Gloria Steinem mentions that ads in women magazines are different from those in neutral gender magazines. She states â€Å"The same companies that insist on recipes in women’s magazines place ad in people where there are no recipes. Cosmetic companies support the New Yorker, which has no regular beauty columns, and newspaper pages that has no â€Å"beauty atmosphere (Steinem 239) â€Å". She includes another prove, â€Å"We also explain that placing food ads only next to recipes and how-to entertain articles is actually a negative for many women. It associates food with work- in a way that says only women have to cook- or with guilt over not cooking and entertaining. Why not advertise food in diverse media that don’t always include recipes (thus reaching more men, who have become a third of all supermarket shoppers anyway and add the recipe interest with specialty magazines like Gourmet (a third of whose readers are men)? (Steinem 238).† Gloria Steinem explains that advertisers have double standard. They introduce different ads to different group of  people that affects them in certain ways (introducing recipes in women’s add made them feel obligated to cook.). The ads that are in women’s magazines are different form those that are in other magazines. Hence, advertisers don not have a specific criteria in making their ads.They just provide what they think a certain group of people should receive. On the other hand, advertisers should not determine what women should receive. Advertisers should have one criteria introducing their ads to all audience, not different ads for different audience. Steinem states this idea to open the eyes of her readers that advertisers by doing this are actually limiting the freedom of advertising. Not that having advertisers choose the audience that receive certain ads was not bad enough. Advertisers now have their own rules and orders that should be applied before placing their ads in a certain magazine. Gloria Steinem states â€Å"Meanwhile, advertisers’ control over the editorial content of women’s magazines has become so institutionalized that it is sometimes written into â€Å"insertion orders† or dedicated to ad salespeople as official policy- whether by the agency, the client, or both.† And then she mentions some of the orders that were given to women’s magazine effective in 1990. â€Å"An American Tobacco company order for a Misty Slims ad noted that the U.S government warning must be included, but also that there must be: â€Å"no adjacency to editorial relating to health, medicine, religion, or dead (Steinem 241).† Besides the fact that advertisers are using different ads for different group of people, advertisers have their own rules and orders for their ads. They are requiring praise for their products. And this made new fields like â€Å"beauty writing† to be invented. This kind of writing praise products to oppress and push women to buy certain products. By mentioning some of the rules advertisers ask for, Steinem shows that instead of giving the freedom to include whatever editorial texts to be included, advertisers are choosing what to and not to be included in a certain ad or around a certain ad. Steinem relates this to her argument, because by choosing what editorials text should be included and by having specific demands and orders advertisers are clearly limiting the freedom of the press. Gloria Steinem shows how women’s magazines are filled with ads rather than  content . She mentions how ads makes the greater part of women’s magazines. â€Å"I picked up a variety of women’s magazines for February 1994, and counted the pages in each one (even including the table of contents, letters to editors, horoscopes, and the like) that were not ads and/or copy complementary to ads. Then I compared that number to the total pages. Out of 184 pages, McCall’s had 49 that were nonad or ad-related (Steinem 241).† She mentions more magazines and all of them had small portion that was nonad or ad-related. What Steinem is trying to show, is that women’s magazines are out of content. They are mostly ads. Whereas, looking back, women’s magazines had more meaningful content. â€Å"As older readers will remember, women’s magazines used to be a place where new young poets and short story writers could be published. Now, that’s very rare (Steinem 243).† Steinem uses comparison to show how women magazines have changed as time passed. It’s clearly that they worsened. They became meaningless and they lacked real and interesting information. This lack of reality and creativity in women’s magazines caused them to be repetitive; all going over the same products but in different editorial styles. This takes us back to Steinem main argument that advertisers are limiting the freedom of the press since they are the ones who control what a magazine would and wouldn’t have; and that is because they are they are paying to the articles that looks more applicable to the products they are advertising. Gloria Steinem was sufficient supporting her main argument, she stated clearly how advertisers choose their audience and determine what they should receive, how ads in women’s magazine differ from other ones, how advertisers are making their own rules and orders ,and finally how women’s magazine changed negativity during time. For all these reasons she mentioned, she proved that advertisers are not allowing the freedom of the press, they are actually limiting it and taking control over it. Work citation: Steinem,Gloria. â€Å"Sex lies and Advertising.† Signs of Life in the USA:Readings on Popular Culture for Writers, Sixth Edition. Ed.Sonia Massik, Jack Solomon. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s,2009. 227-247. Print.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 958 Words

When Families take vacations out of town, state, or even the country they go on a journey. The family might meet new people of different races and try new foods. They might make Exotic memories. In the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, the readers are introduced to three very important characters who in many ways can connect to the theme journey to freedom. Huck Finn, Jim, and Pap all have their own expedition. Huck wants away from his drunk, Abusive Pap. Jim wants away from slavery so he can free his family. Pap is always going back and forth between towns and always getting into trouble. The Book has all types of different settings. The story starts at St. Petersburg and travels up the Mississippi river. Huck†¦show more content†¦In the book it says, â€Å"Jackson’s Island is good enough for me; I know that island pretty well, and nobody ever comes there.† Huck reaches his first destination at the island, the very start of his journey. After a while he finds out that Jim is on the island as well. Huck tells Jim what happened and why he had to run away. Jim is also running away, like Huck. They decide to continue the journey together. Jim is on this journey with Huck. They are both retreating away from their â€Å"homes†. Jim is a slave for the widow Douglas. The widow Douglas said she wouldn’t sell Jim to another Slave owner but Jim heard that he was worth $600 and she wasn’t going to pass that up. Jim having this speculation in his head, runs away so he doesn’t get sold. So Jim left for the Jackson’s island where he met Jim there. At first Jim thought Huck was a ghost because he heard the story of Huck being murdered. Goodness gracious, is dat you, Huck? En you ain dead—you ain drownded—you s back agin? It s too good for true, honey, it s too good for true. Lemme look at you chile, lemme feel o you. No, you ain dead! you s back agin, live en soun , jis de same ole Huck—de same ole Huck, thanks to goodness! Jim stated. Huck explained to Jim why he ran away and Jim explained why he ran away. Pooty soon I ll be a-shout n for joy, en I ll say, it s all on accounts o Huck; I s a free man, en I couldn t ever ben free ef it hadn ben